"Teístas Abertos" e Inerrância

Pinnock sobre a Bíblia

A Bíblia não é Completamente Inerrante

"Isto nos leva à questão: O Novo Testamento, Jesus, ensina a perfeita ausência de erros das Escrituras? Não, não em termos claros" (Pinnock, SP, 57).

Embora o Novo Testamento não ensine uma doutina estrita de inerrência, esta pode ser dita para encorajar uma atitude de confiança, na qual a inerrência é um termo com uma definição mais branda do que significa. O fato é que inerrância é um termo muito flexível em e de si mesmo" (Pinnock, SP, 77).

"Sempre que lembramos quão complexa é uma inerrância hipotética, é óbvio que a Bíblia não ensina tal coisa explicitamente. O que ela reivindica, como temos visto, é a inspiração divina e uma confiança geral" (Pinnock, SP, 58).

"Por que, então, os eruditos insistem que a Bíblia reivindica a inerrância total? Eu posso responder somente por mim mesmo, como alguém que concordou dessa maneira uns poucos anos atrás. Eu reivindicava que a Bíblia ensinava a inerrência total porque eu perava que ela fizesse isso - eu queria que fizesse" (Pinnock, SP, 58).

"Da minha parte, ir além dos requerimentos bíblicos para uma posição estrita de total ausência de erros somente traz para a frente as características perplexantes da Bíblia que ninguém pode completamente explicar e ofusca a maravilhosa certeza da salvação em Cristo que deve estar na frente e no centro" (Pinnock, SP, 59).

A Inerrância de Intento, não de Fato

"Inerrancy is relative to the intent of the Scriptures, and this has to be hermeneutically determined" (Pinnock, SP, 225).

"All this means is that inerrancy is relative to the intention of the text. If it could be show that the chronicler inflates some of the numbers he uses for his didactic purpose, he would be completely within his rights and not at variance with inerrancy" (Pinnock, SP, 78)

"We will not have to panic when we meet some intractable difficulty. The Bible will seem reliable enough in terms of its soteric [saving] purpose,... In the end this is what the mass of evangelical believers need-not the rationalistic ideal of a perfect Book that is no more, but the trustworthiness of a Bible with truth where it counts, truth that is not so easily threatened by scholarly problems" (Pinnock, SP, 104-105).

A Bíblia não é a Palavra de Deus

"Barth estava certo ao falar sobre a distância entre a Palavra de Deus e o texto da Bíblia" (Pinnock, SP, 99).

"The Bible does not attempt to give the impression that it is flawless in historical or scientific ways. God uses writers with weaknesses and still teaches the truth of revelation through them" (Pinnock, SP, 99).

"What God aims to do through inspiration is to stir up faith in the gospel through the word of Scripture, which remains a human text beset by normal weaknesses [which includes errors]" (Pinnock, SP,100).

"A text that is word for word what God wanted in the first place might as well have been dictated, for all the room it leaves for human agency. This is the kind of thinking behind the militant inerrancy position. God is taken to be the Author of the Bible in such a way that he controlled the writers and every detail of what they wrote" (Pinnock, SP, 101).

A Bíblia não é Completamente Infalível

"A Bíblia não é um livro como o Corão, consistindo de nada senão de preposições perfeitamente infalíveis,...a Bíblia não caiu do céu...Nós colocamos nossa confiança em última instância em Jesus Cristo, não na Bíblia...O que as Escrituras fazem é apresentar um testemunho são e confiável [mas não inerrante] de quem Ele é e o que Deus fez por nós" (Pinnock, SP, 100).

Ele Rejeita a Visão de Inerrância de Warfield

"Inerrância como Warfield a entendia é uma

ancy as Warfield understood it was a good deal more precise than the sort of reliability the Bible proposes. The Bible's emphasis tends to be upon the saving truth of its message and its supreme profitability in the life of faith and discipleship" (Pinnock, SP, 75).

He Rejects ICBI View of Inerrancy

"Therefore, there are a large number of evangelicals in North America appearing to defend the total inerrancy of the Bible. The language they use seems absolute and uncompromising: `The authority of Scripture is inescapably impaired if this total divine inerrancy is in any way limited or disregarded, or made relative to a view of truth contrary to the Bible's own' (Chicago Statement, preamble). It sounds as if the slightest slip or flaw would bring down the whole house of authority. It seems as though we ought to defend the errorlessness of the Bible down to the last dot and tittle in order for it to be a viable religious authority" (Pinnock, SP, 127).

He Holds a Dynamic View of Inspiration, not Plenary Inspiration

"In relation to Scripture, we want to avoid both the idea that the Bible is the product of mere human genius and the idea it came about through mechanical dictation. The via media lies in the direction of a dynamic personal model that upholds both the divine initiative and the human response" (Pinnock, SP, 103).

"Inspiration should be seen as a dynamic work of God. In it, God does not decide every word that is used, one by one but works in the writers in such a way that they make full use of their own skills and vocabulary while giving expression to the divinely inspired message being communicated to them and through them" (Pinnock, SP, 105).

He Redefines Inerrancy and Rejects the Prophetic Model

"The wisest course to take would be to get on with defining inerrancy in relation to the purpose of the Bible and the phenomena it displays. When we do that, we will be surprised how open and permissive a term it is" (Pinnock, SP, 225).

"At times I have felt like rejecting biblical inerrancy because of the narrowness of definition [!! See previous quote] and the crudity of polemics that have accompanied the term. But in the end, I have had to bow to the wisdom that says we need to be unmistakably clear in our convictions about biblical authority, and in the North American context, at least, that means to employ strong language" (Pinnock, SP, 225).

"Paul J. Achtemeier has called attention to the inadequacy of the prophetic model for representing the biblical category of inspiration in its fullness-The Inspiration of Scripture: Problems and Proposals" (Pinnock, SP, 232, n. 8).

He Holds that there are Minor Errors in the Bible

"The authority of the Bible in faith and practice does not rule out the possibility of an occasionally uncertain text, differences in details as between the Gospels, a lack of precision in the chronology of events recorded in the Books of Kings and Chronicles, a prescientific description of the world, and the like" (Pinnock, SP, 104).

"What could truly falsify the Bible would have to be something that could falsify the gospel and Christianity as well. It would have to be a difficulty that would radically call into question the truth of Jesus and His message of good news. Discovering some point of chronology in Matthew that could not be reconciled with a parallel in Luke would certainly not be any such thing" (Pinnock, SP, 129).

"I recognize that the Bible does not make a technical inerrancy claim or go into the kind of detail associated with the term in the contemporary discussion. But I also see a solid basis for trusting the Scriptures in a more general sense in all that they teach and affirm, and I see real danger in giving the impression that the Bible errs in a significant way. Inerrancy is a metaphor for the determination to trust God's Word completely" (Pinnock, SP, 224-225).

He Holds that The Bible Contains Myth and Legend

"In the narrative of the fall of Adam, there are numerous symbolic features (God molding man from dirt, the talking snake, God molding woman from Adam's rib, symbolic trees, four major rivers from one garden, etc.), so that it is natural to ask whether this is not a meaningful narration that does not stick only to factual matters" (Pinnock, SP, 119).

"On the one hand, we cannot rule legend out a priori. It is, after all, a perfectly valid literary form, and we have to admit that it turns up in the Bible in at least some form. We referred already to Job's reference to Leviathan and can mention also Jotham's fable" (Pinnock, Sp, 121-122).

"Thus we are in a bind. Legends are possible in theory-there are apparent legends in the Bible-but we fear actually naming them as such lest we seem to deny the miraculous" (Pinnock, SP, 122).

"When we look at the Bible, it is clear that it is not radically mythical. The influence of myth is there in the Old Testament. The stories of creation and fall, of flood and the tower of Babel, are there in pagan texts and are worked over in Genesis from the angle of Israel's knowledge of God, but the framework is no longer mythical" (Pinnock, SP, 123).

"We read of a coin turning up in a fish's mouth and of the origin of the different languages of humankind. We hear about the magnificent exploits of Sampson and Elisha. We even see evidence of the duplication of miracle stories in the gospels. All of them are things that if we read them in some other book we would surely identify as legends" (Pinnock, Sp, 123).

He Holds Robert Gundry's View of Midrash in Matthew

"There is no mythology to speak of in the New Testament. At most, there are fragments and suggestions of myth: for example, the strange allusion to the bodies of the saints being raised on Good Friday (Matt. 27:52) and the sick being healed through contact with pieces of cloth that had touched Paul's body (Acts 19:11-12)" (Pinnock, SP, 124).

"There are cases in which the possibility of legend seems quite real. I mentioned the incident of the coin in the fish's mouth (Matt. 17:24-27).... The event is recorded only by Matthew and has the feel of a legendary feature" (Pinnock, SP, 125). [Yet Gundry was asked to resign from ETS by 74 percent of the membership.]

Pinnock sobre a Deus

A Bíblia contém Profecia Falsa

"Segundo algumas profecias são condicionais, deixando o futuro aberto, e, presumidamente, o conhecimento de Deus dele" (Pinnock, MMM, 50).

"Terceiro, há predições proféticas imprecisas, baseadas nas presentes situações, como quando Jesus predisse a queda de Jerusalém" (Pinnock, MMM, 50).

"...despite Ezekiel, Nebuchadnezzar did not conquer the city of Tyre; despite the Baptist, Jesus did not cast the wicked into the fire; contrary to Paul, the second coming was not just around the corner (1 Thes. 4:17)" (Pinock, MMM, 51 n.66).

Even Jesus Made a False Prophecy

"...despite Jesus, in the destruction of the temple, some stones were left one on the other" (Mt. 24:2)" (Pinnock, MMM, 51 n.66).

God is not Bound to His Own Word

"God is free in the manner of fulfilling prophecy and is not bound to a script, even his own" (Pinnock, MMM, 51 n.66).

"We may not want to admit it but prophecies often go unfulfilled..." (Pinnock, MMM, 51, n.66).

God is Limited and Corporeal

"But, in a sense, creation was also an act of self-limitation.... Creating human beings who have true freedom is a self-restraining, self-humbling and self-sacrificing act on God's part" (Pinnock, MMM, 31).

"As regards space, the Bible speaks of God having living space in the heavens:... Let's not tilt overly to transcendence lest we miss the truth that God is with us in space" (Pinnock, MMM, 32).

"If he is with us in the world, if we are to take biblical metaphors seriously, is God in some way embodied? Critics will be quick to say that, although there are expressions of this idea in the Bible, they are not to be taken literally. But I do not believe that the idea is as foreign to the Bible's view of God as we have assumed" (Pinnock, MMM, 33).

" The only persons we encounter are embodied persons and, if God is not embodied, it may prove difficult to understand how God is a person....Perhaps God uses the created order as a kind of body and exercises top-down causation upon it" (Pinnock, MMM, 34-35).

God's Foreknowledge is Limited

"It is unsound to think of exhaustive foreknowledge, implying that every detail of the future is already decided" (Pinnock, MMM, 8).

"Though God knows all there is to know about the world, there are aspects about the future that even God does not know" (Pinnock, MMM, 32).

"Scripture makes a distinction with respect to the future; God is certain about some aspects of it and uncertain about other aspects" (Pinnock, MMM, 47).

"But no being, not even God, can know in advance precisely what free agents will do, even though he may predict it with great accuracy" (Pinnock, MMM, 100).

"God, in order to be omniscient, need not know the future in complete detail" (Pinnock, MMM, 100).

God Changes His Mind

"O arrependimento divino é um tema bíblico importante" (Pinnock, MMM, 43).

"Todavia, parece que Deus está desejoso de mudar o Seu curso..." (Pinnock, MMM, 43).

"A oração é uma atividade que traz novas possibilidades à existência para Deus e para nós" (Pinnock, MMM, 46).

God is Dependent on Creatures

"According to the open view, God freely decided to be, in some respects, affected and conditioned by creatures..." (Pinnock, MMM, 5).

"In a sense God needs our love because he has freely chosen to be a lover and needs us because he has chosen to have reciprocal love..." (Pinnock, MMM, 30).

"The world is dependent on God but God has also, voluntarily, made himself dependent on it.... God is also affected by the world." (Pinnock, MMM, 31).

God is not in Complete Control of the World

"This means that God is not now in complete control of the world.... things happen which God has not willed.... God's plans at this point in history are not always fulfilled" (Pinnock, MMM, 36).

"Not everything that happens in the world happens for some reason,.... things that should not have happened, things that God did not want to happen. They occur because God goes in for real relationships and real partnerships" (Pinnock, MMM, 47).

"As Boyd puts it: 'Only if God is the God of what might be and not only the God of what will be can we trust him to steer us...'" (Pinnock affirming Boyd, MMM, 103).

"Though God can bring good out of evil, it does not make evil itself good and does not even ensure that God will succeed in every case to bring good out of it" (Pinnock, MMM, 176).

"It does seem possible to read the text to be saying that God is an all-controlling absolute Being.... but how does the Spirit want us to read it? Which interpretation is right for the present circumstance? Which interpretation is timely? Only time will tell..." (Pinnock, MMM, 64).

God Undergoes Change

"For example, even though the Bible says repeatedly that God changes his mind and alters his course of action, conventional theists reject the metaphor and deny that such things are possible for God" (Pinnock, MMM, 63).

"I would say that God is unchangeable in changeable ways,..." (Pinnock, MMM, 85-86).

"On the other hand, being a person and not an abstraction, God changes in relation to creatures.... God changed when he became creator of the world... " (Pinnock, MMM, 86).

"...accepting passibility may require the kind of doctrinal revisions which the open view is engaged in. If God is passible, then he is not, for example, unconditioned, immutable and atemporal" (Pinnock, MMM, 59, n.82).

He Admits Affinity with Process Theology

"The conventional package of attributes is tightly drawn. Tinkering with one or two of them will not help much" (Pinnock, MMM, 78).

"Candidly, I believe that conventional theists are influenced by Plato, who was a pagan, than I am by Whitehead, who was a Christian" (Pinnock, MMM, 143) [Yet Whithead denied virtually all of the attributes of the God of orthodox theology, biblical inerrancy, and all the fundamentals of the Faith!!!]

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All italic emphasis in original, bold emphasis this author's.

SP--Clark Pinnock, The Scripture Principle (San Francisco, Harper & Rowe: 1984).

MMM--Clark Pinnock, The Most Moved Mover (Grand Rapids, Baker: 2001).